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Introduction to Franchising: Regulations, Compliance and Structures

Introduction to Franchising: Regulations, Compliance and Structures

Posted on October 15, 2019

Originally published in October 2019

This article has not been updated for current law since the date of its posting on the website. This article is not intended to provide any legal advice. Please seek advice of your professional council.

Any U.S. federal and state tax advice contained in this communication is not intended or written by the Knox Law Firm to be used, and cannot be used by you, for the purpose of: (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code that may be imposed upon you, or (ii) promoting, marketing, or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed herein.

Introduction: The Rules of Franchising

The Federal Trade Commission began examining practices in franchising in 1970. In 1971 the FTC began a formal rule making proceeding, to possibly develop a regulation requiring disclosure and prohibiting unfair practices in offering and selling franchises. These developments resulted in promulgation of the FTC Franchise Rule in 1979. The FTC enforces the Federal Trade Commission Act("FTC Act"), which prohibits unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce.

The FTC Act also empowers the Commission to prescribe rules that define with specificity acts or practices that are unfair or deceptive. One such rule is the Commission's Franchise Rule.

The Commission focuses much of its Franchise Rule enforcement and consumer educational resources on combating business opportunity fraud.

The Franchise Rule requires franchisors to make material disclosures in five categories:

The nature of the franchisor and the franchise system;
The franchisor's financial viability;
The costs involved in purchasing and operating a franchised outlet;
The terms and conditions that govern the franchise relationship; and
The names and addresses of current franchisees who can share their experiences within the franchise system, thus helping the prospective franchisee to verify independently the franchisor's claims.

In addition, franchisors must have a reasonable basis and substantiation for any earnings claims made to prospective franchisees, as well as disclose the basis and assumptions underlying any such earnings claims. Earnings Claims are not required to be provided to prospective franchisees under the FTC Rule and the majority of franchisors do not make earnings claims and do not disclose the unit performance statics of their franchisees to prospective franchisees.

In additional to complying with the Franchise Rule, there are a number of states which require you “register” to sell franchises to franchisees in those states. The registrations vary as to timing and substance, however, care must be given to those lists before our clients speak with anyone regarding the franchise in a registration state.

As an attachment to the Franchise Disclosure Document, the Franchisor will attach any document utilized by them in selling the franchise, typically, a development agreement, franchise agreement, and the associated documents or instruments executed in connection therewith.

Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD) – Review and Discussion of the Disclosures Required

Item 1: The Franchisor, and any Parents, Predecessors, and Affiliates must disclose:

The name and principal business address of the franchisor; any parents; and any affiliates that offer franchises in any line of business or provide products or services to the franchisees of the franchisor.
The name and principal business address of any predecessors during the 10-year period immediately before the close of the franchisor's most recent fiscal year.
The name that the franchisor uses and any names it intends to use to conduct business.
The identity and principal business address of the franchisor's agent for service of process.
The type of business organization used by the franchisor (for example, corporation, partnership) and the state in which it was organized.
The following information about the franchisor's business and the franchises offered: (i) Whether the franchisor operates businesses of the type being franchised. (ii) The franchisor's other business activities. (iii) The business the franchisee will conduct. (iv) The general market for the product or service the franchisee will offer. In describing the general market, consider factors such as whether the market is developed or developing, whether the goods will be sold primarily to a certain group, and whether sales are seasonal. (v) In general terms, any laws or regulations specific to the industry in which the franchise business operates. (vi) A general description of the competition.
The prior business experience of the franchisor; any predecessors listed in §436.5(a)(2) of this part; and any affiliates that offer franchises in any line of business or provide products or services to the franchisees of the franchisor, including: (i) The length of time each has conducted the type of business the franchisee will operate. (ii) The length of time each has offered franchises providing the type of business the franchisee will operate. (iii) Whether each has offered franchises in other lines of business. If so, include: (A) A description of each other line of business. (B) The number of franchises sold in each other line of business. (C) The length of time each has offered franchises in each other line of business.

Item 2: Business Experience

Disclose by name and position the franchisor's directors, trustees, general partners, principal officers, and any other individuals who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document. For each person listed in this section, state his or her principal positions and employers during the past five years, including each position's starting date, ending date, and location.

Item 3: Litigation

Disclose whether the franchisor; a predecessor; a parent or affiliate who induces franchise sales by promising to back the franchisor financially or otherwise guarantees the franchisor's performance; an affiliate who offers franchises under the franchisor's principal trademark; and any person identified in §436.5(b) of this part:

Has pending against that person: (A) An administrative, criminal, or material civil action alleging a violation of a franchise, antitrust, or securities law, or alleging fraud, unfair or deceptive practices, or comparable allegations. (B) Civil actions, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to the business, which are material in the context of the number of franchisees and the size, nature, or financial condition of the franchise system or its business operations.
Was a party to any material civil action involving the franchise relationship in the last fiscal year. For purposes of this section, “franchise relationship” means contractual obligations between the franchisor and franchisee directly relating to the operation of the franchised business (such as royalty payment and training obligations). It does not include actions involving suppliers or other third parties, or indemnification for tort liability.
Has in the 10-year period immediately before the disclosure document's issuance date: (A) Been convicted of or pleaded nolo contendere to a felony charge. (B) Been held liable in a civil action involving an alleged violation of a franchise, antitrust, or securities law, or involving allegations of fraud, unfair or deceptive practices, or comparable allegations. “Held liable” means that, as a result of claims or counterclaims, the person must pay money or other consideration, must reduce an indebtedness by the amount of an award, cannot enforce its rights, or must take action adverse to its interests.

Disclose whether the franchisor; a predecessor; a parent or affiliate who guarantees the franchisor's performance; an affiliate who has offered or sold franchises in any line of business within the last 10 years; or any other person identified in §436.5(b) of this part is subject to a currently effective injunctive or restrictive order or decree resulting from a pending or concluded action brought by a public agency and relating to the franchise or to a Federal, State, or Canadian franchise, securities, antitrust, trade regulation, or trade practice law.

For each action identified above, state the title, case number or citation, the initial filing date, the names of the parties, the forum, and the relationship of the opposing party to the franchisor (for example, competitor, supplier, lessor, franchisee, former franchisee, or class of franchisees). Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, summarize the legal and factual nature of each claim in the action, the relief sought or obtained, and any conclusions of law or fact. Franchisors may include a summary opinion of counsel concerning any action if counsel consent to use the summary opinion and the full opinion is attached so the disclosure document.

In addition, state:

For pending actions, the status of the action.
For prior actions, the date when the judgment was entered and any damages or settlement terms. If a settlement agreement must be disclosed in this Item, all material settlement terms must be disclosed, whether or not the agreement is confidential. However, franchisors need not disclose the terms of confidential settlements entered into before commencing franchise sales. Further, any franchisor who has historically used only the Franchise Rule format, or who is new to franchising, need not disclose confidential settlements entered prior to the effective date of this Rule.
For injunctive or restrictive orders, the nature, terms, and conditions of the order or decree.
For convictions or pleas, the crime or violation, the date of conviction, and the sentence or penalty imposed.

For any other franchisor-initiated suit identified above, the franchisor may comply with the requirements noted by listing individual suits under one common heading that will serve as the case summary (for example, “royalty collection suits”).

Item 4: Bankruptcy

Disclose whether the franchisor; any parent; predecessor; affiliate; officer, or general partner of the franchisor, or any other individual who will have management responsibility relating to the sale or operation of franchises offered by this document, has, during the 10-year period immediately before the date of this disclosure document:

Filed as debtor (or had filed against it) a petition under the United States Bankruptcy Code (“Bankruptcy Code”).
Obtained a discharge of its debts under the Bankruptcy Code.
Been a principal officer of a company or a general partner in a partnership that either filed as a debtor (or had filed against it) a petition under the Bankruptcy Code, or that obtained a discharge of its debts under the Bankruptcy Code while, or within one year after, the officer or general partner held the position in the company.

For each bankruptcy, state:

The current name, address, and principal place of business of the debtor.
Whether the debtor is the franchisor. If not, state the relationship of the debtor to the franchisor (for example, affiliate, officer).
The date of the original filing and the material facts, including the bankruptcy court, and the case name and number. If applicable, state the debtor's discharge date, including discharges under Chapter 7 and confirmation of any plans of reorganization under Chapters 11 and 13 of the Bankruptcy Code.

Disclose cases, actions, and other proceedings under the laws of foreign nations relating to bankruptcy.

Item 5: Initial Fees

Disclose the initial fees and any conditions under which these fees are refundable. If the initial fees are not uniform, disclose the range or formula used to calculate the initial fees paid in the fiscal year before the issuance date and the factors that determined the amount. For this section, “initial fees” means all fees and payments, or commitments to pay, for services or goods received from the franchisor or any affiliate before the franchisee's business opens, whether payable in lump sum or installments. Disclose installment payment terms in this section or in §436.5(j) of this part.

Item 6: Other Fees

Disclose, in tabular form, all other fees that the franchisee must pay to the franchisor or its affiliates, or that the franchisor or its affiliates impose or collect in whole or in part for a third party. State the title “OTHER FEES” in capital letters using bold type. Include any formula used to compute the fees.

If fees may increase, disclose the formula that determines the increase or the maximum amount of the increase. For example, a percentage of gross sales is acceptable if the franchisor defines the term “gross sales.”

The table should have four column headings as follows: Type of Fee; Amount; Due Date; and Remarks.

In column 1, list the type of fee (for example, royalties, and fees for lease negotiations, construction, remodeling, additional training or assistance, advertising, advertising cooperatives, purchasing cooperatives, audits, accounting, inventory, transfers, and renewals).
In column 2, state the amount of the fee.
In column 3, state the due date for each fee.
In column 4, include remarks, definitions, or caveats that elaborate on the information in the table. If remarks are long, franchisors may use footnotes instead of the remarks column.

If applicable, include the following information in the remarks column or in a footnote:

Whether the fees are payable only to the franchisor.
Whether the fees are imposed and collected by the franchisor.
Whether the fees are non-refundable or describe the circumstances when the fees are refundable.
Whether the fees are uniformly imposed.
The voting power of franchisor-owned outlets on any fees imposed by cooperatives. If franchisor-owned outlets have controlling voting power, disclose the maximum and minimum fees that may be imposed.

Item 7: Estimated Initial Investment

Disclose, in tabular form, the franchisee's estimated initial investment. State the title “YOUR ESTIMATED INITIAL INVESTMENT” in capital letters using bold type. Franchisors may include additional expenditure tables to show expenditure variations caused by differences such as in site location and premises size.

The table should have five column headings as follows: Type of Expenditure; Amount; Method of Payment; When Due; and To Whom Payment is to be Made.

In column 1, List each type of expense, beginning with pre-opening expenses. Include the following expenses, if applicable. Use footnotes to include remarks, definitions, or caveats that elaborate on the information in the Table.

The initial franchise fee.
Training expenses.
Real property, whether purchased or leased.
Equipment, fixtures, other fixed assets, construction, remodeling, leasehold improvements, and decorating costs, whether purchased or leased.
Inventory to begin operating.
Security deposits, utility deposits, business licenses, and other prepaid expenses.

List separately and by name any other specific required payments (for example, additional training, travel, or advertising expenses) that the franchisee must make to begin operations.

Include a category titled “Additional funds— [initial period]” for any other required expenses the franchisee will incur before operations begin and during the initial period of operations. State the initial period. A reasonable initial period is at least three months or a reasonable period for the industry. Describe in general terms the factors, basis, and experience that the franchisor considered or relied upon in formulating the amount required for additional funds.

In column 2, state the amount of the payment. If the amount is unknown, use a low-high range based on the franchisor's current experience. If real property costs cannot be estimated in a low-high range, describe the approximate size of the property and building and the probable location of the building (for example, strip shopping center, mall, downtown, rural, or highway).

In column 3, state the method of payment.

In column 4, state the due date.

In column 5, state to whom payment will be made.

Total the initial investment, incorporating ranges of fees, if used.

In a footnote, state:

Whether each payment is non-refundable, or describe the circumstances when each payment is refundable.
If the franchisor or an affiliate finances part of the initial investment, the amount that it will finance, the required down payment, the annual interest rate, rate factors, and the estimated loan repayments. Franchisors may refer to §436.5(j) of this part for additional details.

Item 8: Restrictions on Sources of Products and Services

Disclose the franchisee's obligations to purchase or lease goods, services, supplies, fixtures, equipment, inventory, computer hardware and software, real estate, or comparable items related to establishing or operating the franchised business either from the franchisor, its designee, or suppliers approved by the franchisor, or under the franchisor's specifications. Include obligations to purchase imposed by the franchisor's written agreement or by the franchisor's practice.

Franchisors may include the reason for the requirement. Franchisors need not disclose in this Item the purchase or lease of goods or services provided as part of the franchise without a separate charge (such as initial training, if the cost is included in the franchise fee). Describe such fees in Item 5 of this section. Do not disclose fees already described in §436.5(f) of this part.

For each applicable obligation, state:

The good or service required to be purchased or leased.
Whether the franchisor or its affiliates are approved suppliers or the only approved suppliers of that good or service.
Any supplier in which an officer of the franchisor owns an interest.
How the franchisor grants and revokes approval of alternative suppliers, including: (i) Whether the franchisor's criteria for approving suppliers are available to franchisees. (ii) Whether the franchisor permits franchisees to contract with alternative suppliers who meet the franchisor's criteria. (iii) Any fees and procedures to secure approval to purchase from alternative suppliers. (iv) The time period in which the franchisee will be notified of approval or disapproval. (v) How approvals are revoked.
Whether the franchisor issues specifications and standards to franchisees, subfranchisees, or approved suppliers. If so, describe how the franchisor issues and modifies specifications.
Whether the franchisor or its affiliates will or may derive revenue or other material consideration from required purchases or leases by franchisees. If so, describe the precise basis by which the franchisor or its affiliates will or may derive that consideration by stating: (i) The franchisor's total revenue. (Take figures from the franchisor's most recent annual audited financial statement required in §436.5(u) of this part. If audited statements are not yet required, or if the entity deriving the income is an affiliate, disclose the sources of information used in computing revenues.) (ii) The franchisor's revenues from all required purchases and leases of products and services. (iii) The percentage of the franchisor's total revenues that are from required purchases or leases. (iv) If the franchisor's affiliates also sell or lease products or services to franchisees, the affiliates' revenues from those sales or leases.
The estimated proportion of these required purchases and leases by the franchisee to all purchases and leases by the franchisee of goods and services in establishing and operating the franchised businesses.
If a designated supplier will make payments to the franchisor from franchisee purchases, disclose the basis for the payment (for example, specify a percentage or a flat amount). For purposes of this disclosure, a “payment” includes the sale of similar goods or services to the franchisor at a lower price than to franchisees.
The existence of purchasing or distribution cooperatives.
Whether the franchisor negotiates purchase arrangements with suppliers, including price terms, for the benefit of franchisees.
Whether the franchisor provides material benefits (for example, renewal or granting additional franchises) to a franchisee based on a franchisee's purchase of particular products or services or use of particular suppliers.

Item 9: Franchisee's Obligations

Disclose, in tabular form, a list of the franchisee's principal obligations. State the title “FRANCHISEE'S OBLIGATIONS” in capital letters using bold type. Cross-reference each listed obligation with any applicable section of the franchise or other agreement and with the relevant disclosure document provision. If a particular obligation is not applicable, state “Not Applicable.” Include additional obligations, as warranted.

The table should have three column headings as follows: Obligation; Section in Agreement; and Disclosure Document Item.

The obligations included are:

Site selection and acquisition/lease
Pre-opening purchase/leases
Site development and other pre-opening requirements
Initial and ongoing training
Opening
Fees
Compliance with standards and policies/operating manual
Trademarks and proprietary information
Restrictions on products/services offered
Warranty and customer service requirements
Territorial development and sales quotas
Ongoing product/service purchases
Maintenance, appearance, and remodeling requirements
Insurance
Advertising
Indemnification
Owner's participation/management/staffing
Records and reports
Inspections and audits
Transfer
Renewal
Post-termination obligations
Non-competition covenants
Dispute resolution
Other (describe)

Item 10: Financing

Disclose the terms of each financing arrangement, including leases and installment contracts, which the franchisor, its agent, or affiliates offer directly or indirectly to the franchisee. Indirect offers of financing include a written arrangement between a franchisor or its affiliate and a lender, for the lender to offer financing to a franchisee; an arrangement in which a franchisor or its affiliate receives a benefit from a lender in exchange for financing a franchise purchase; and a franchisor's guarantee of a note, lease, or other obligation of the franchisee.

The franchisor may summarize the terms of each financing arrangement in tabular form, using footnotes to provide additional information. For each financing arrangement, state:

What the financing covers (for example, the initial franchise fee, site acquisition, construction or remodeling, initial or replacement equipment or fixtures, opening or ongoing inventory or supplies, or other continuing expenses). Include sample copies of the financing documents as an exhibit to §436.5(v) of this part. Cite the section and name of the document containing the financing terms and conditions.
The identity of each lender providing financing and their relationship to the franchisor (for example, affiliate).
The amount of financing offered or, if the amount depends on an actual cost that may vary, the percentage of the cost that will be financed.
The rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis. If the rate of interest, plus finance charges, expressed on an annual basis, may differ depending on when the financing is issued, state what that rate was on a specified recent date.
The number of payments or the period of repayment.
The nature of any security interest required by the lender.
Whether a person other than the franchisee must personally guarantee the debt.
Whether the debt can be prepaid and the nature of any prepayment penalty.
The franchisee's potential liabilities upon default, including any: (A) Accelerated obligation to pay the entire amount due; (B) Obligations to pay court costs and attorney's fees incurred in collecting the debt; (C) Termination of the franchise; and (D) Liabilities from cross defaults such as those resulting directly from non-payment, or indirectly from the loss of business property.
Other material financing terms.

Disclose whether the loan agreement requires franchisees to waive defenses or other legal rights (for example, confession of judgment), or bars franchisees from asserting a defense against the lender, the lender's assignee or the franchisor. If so, describe the relevant provisions.

Disclose whether the franchisor's practice or intent is to sell, assign, or discount to a third party all or part of the financing arrangement. If so, state:

The assignment terms, including whether the franchisor will remain primarily obligated to provide the financed goods or services; and
That the franchisee may lose all its defenses against the lender as a result of the sale or assignment.

Disclose whether the franchisor or an affiliate receives any consideration for placing financing with the lender. If such payments exist:

Disclose the amount or the method of determining the payment; and
Identify the source of the payment and the relationship of the source to the franchisor or its affiliates.

Item 11: Franchisor's Assistance, Advertising, Computer Systems, and Training

Disclose the franchisor's principal assistance and related obligations of both the franchisor and franchisee as follows. For each obligation, cite the section number of the franchise agreement imposing the obligation. Begin by stating the following sentence in bold type: “Except as listed below, [the franchisor] is not required to provide you with any assistance.”

Disclose the franchisor's pre-opening obligations to the franchisee, including any assistance in:

Locating a site and negotiating the purchase or lease of the site. If such assistance is provided, state: (A) Whether the franchisor generally owns the premises and leases it to the franchisee. (B) Whether the franchisor selects the site or approves an area in which the franchisee selects a site. If so, state further whether and how the franchisor must approve a franchisee-selected site. (C) The factors that the franchisor considers in selecting or approving sites (for example, general location and neighborhood, traffic patterns, parking, size, physical characteristics of existing buildings, and lease terms). (D) The time limit for the franchisor to locate or approve or disapprove the site and the consequences if the franchisor and franchisee cannot agree on a site.
Conforming the premises to local ordinances and building codes and obtaining any required permits.
Constructing, remodeling, or decorating the premises.
Hiring and training employees.
Providing for necessary equipment, signs, fixtures, opening inventory, and supplies. If any such assistance is provided, state: (A) Whether the franchisor provides these items directly or only provides the names of approved suppliers. (B) Whether the franchisor provides written specifications for these items. (C) Whether the franchisor delivers or installs these items.

Disclose the typical length of time between the earlier of the signing of the franchise agreement or the first payment of consideration for the franchise and the opening of the franchisee's business. Describe the factors that may affect the time period, such as ability to obtain a lease, financing or building permits, zoning and local ordinances, weather conditions, shortages, or delayed installation of equipment, fixtures, and signs.

Disclose the franchisor's obligations to the franchisee during the operation of the franchise, including any assistance in:

Developing products or services the franchisee will offer to its customers.
Hiring and training employees.
Improving and developing the franchised business.
Establishing prices.
Establishing and using administrative, bookkeeping, accounting, and inventory control procedures.
Resolving operating problems encountered by the franchisee.

Describe the advertising program for the franchise system, including the following:

The franchisor's obligation to conduct advertising, including: (A) The media the franchisor may use. (B) Whether media coverage is local, regional, or national. (C) The source of the advertising (for example, an in-house advertising department or a national or regional advertising agency). (D) Whether the franchisor must spend any amount on advertising in the area or territory where the franchisee is located.
The circumstances when the franchisor will permit franchisees to use their own advertising material.
Whether there is an advertising council composed of franchisees that advises the franchisor on advertising policies. If so, disclose: (A) How members of the council are selected. (B) Whether the council serves in an advisory capacity only or has operational or decision-making power. (C) Whether the franchisor has the power to form, change, or dissolve the advertising council.
Whether the franchisee must participate in a local or regional advertising cooperative. If so, state: (A) How the area or membership of the cooperative is defined. (B) How much the franchisee must contribute to the fund and whether other franchisees must contribute a different amount or at a different rate. (C) Whether the franchisor-owned outlets must contribute to the fund and, if so, whether those contributions are on the same basis as those for franchisees. (D) Who is responsible for administering the cooperative (for example, franchisor, franchisees, or advertising agency). (E) Whether cooperatives must operate from written governing documents and whether the documents are available for the franchisee to review. (F) Whether cooperatives must prepare annual or periodic financial statements and whether the statements are available for review by the franchisee. (G) Whether the franchisor has the power to require cooperatives to be formed, changed, dissolved, or merged.
Whether the franchisee must participate in any other advertising fund. If so, state: (A) Who contributes to the fund. (B) How much the franchisee must contribute to the fund and whether other franchisees must contribute a different amount or at a different rate. (C) Whether the franchisor-owned outlets must contribute to the fund and, if so, whether it is on the same basis as franchisees. (D) Who administers the fund. (E) Whether the fund is audited and when it is audited. (F) Whether financial statements of the fund are available for review by the franchisee. (G) How the funds were used in the most recently concluded fiscal year, including the percentages spent on production, media placement, administrative expenses, and a description of any other use.
If not all advertising funds are spent in the fiscal year in which they accrue, how the franchisor uses the remaining amount, including whether franchisees receive a periodic accounting of how advertising fees are spent.
The percentage of advertising funds, if any, that the franchisor uses principally to solicit new franchise sales.

Disclose whether the franchisor requires the franchisee to buy or use electronic cash registers or computer systems. If so, describe the systems generally in non-technical language, including the types of data to be generated or stored in these systems, and state the following:

The cost of purchasing or leasing the systems.
Any obligation of the franchisor, any affiliate, or third party to provide ongoing maintenance, repairs, upgrades, or updates.
Any obligations of the franchisee to upgrade or update any system during the term of the franchise, and, if so, any contractual limitations on the frequency and cost of the obligation.
The annual cost of any optional or required maintenance, updating, upgrading, or support contracts.
Whether the franchisor will have independent access to the information that will be generated or stored in any electronic cash register or computer system. If so, describe the information that the franchisor may access and whether there are any contractual limitations on the franchisor's right to access the information.

Disclose the table of contents of the franchisor's operating manual provided to franchisees as of the franchisor's last fiscal year-end or a more recent date. State the number of pages devoted to each subject and the total number of pages in the manual as of this date. This disclosure may be omitted if the franchisor offers the prospective franchisee the opportunity to view the manual before buying the franchise.

Disclose the franchisor's training program as of the franchisor's last fiscal year-end or a more recent date. Describe the training program in tabular form. Title the table “TRAINING PROGRAM” in capital letters and bold type. The table should have the following four columns: Subject; Hours of Classroom Training; Hours of On-The-Job Training; and Location.

State further:

How often training classes are held and the nature of the location or facility where training is held (for example, company, home, office, franchisor-owned store).
The nature of instructional materials and the instructor's experience, including the instructor's length of experience in the field and with the franchisor. State only experience relevant to the subject taught and the franchisor's operations.
Any charges franchisees must pay for training and who must pay travel and living expenses of the training program enrollees.
Who may and who must attend training. State whether the franchisee or other persons must complete the program to the franchisor's satisfaction. If successful completion is required, state how long after signing the agreement or before opening the business the training must be completed. If training is not mandatory, state the percentage of new franchisees that enrolled in the training program during the preceding 12 months.
Whether additional training programs or refresher courses are required.

Item 12: Territory

Disclose:

Whether the franchise is for a specific location or a location to be approved by the franchisor.

Any minimum territory granted to the franchisee (for example, a specific radius, a distance sufficient to encompass a specified population, or another specific designation).

The conditions under which the franchisor will approve the relocation of the franchised business or the franchisee's establishment of additional franchised outlets.

Franchisee options, rights of first refusal, or similar rights to acquire additional franchises.

Whether the franchisor grants an exclusive territory.

If the franchisor does not grant an exclusive territory, state: “You will not receive an exclusive territory. You may face competition from other franchisees, from outlets that we own, or from other channels of distribution or competitive brands that we control.”
If the franchisor grants an exclusive territory, disclose: (A) Whether continuation of territorial exclusivity depends on achieving a certain sales volume, market penetration, or other contingency, and the circumstances when the franchisee's territory may be altered. Describe any sales or other conditions. State the franchisor's rights if the franchisee fails to meet the requirements. (B) Any other circumstances that permit the franchisor to modify the franchisee's territorial rights (for example, a population increase in the territory giving the franchisor the right to grant an additional franchise in the area) and the effect of such modifications on the franchisee's rights.

For all territories (exclusive and non-exclusive):

Any restrictions on the franchisor from soliciting or accepting orders from consumers inside the franchisee's territory, including: (A) Whether the franchisor or an affiliate has used or reserves the right to use other channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, or other direct marketing sales, to make sales within the franchisee's territory using the franchisor's principal trademarks. (B) Whether the franchisor or an affiliate has used or reserves the right to use other channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, or other direct marketing, to make sales within the franchisee's territory of products or services under trademarks different from the ones the franchisee will use under the franchise agreement. (C) Any compensation that the franchisor must pay for soliciting or accepting orders from inside the franchisee's territory.
Any restrictions on the franchisee from soliciting or accepting orders from consumers outside of his or her territory, including whether the franchisee has the right to use other channels of distribution, such as the Internet, catalog sales, telemarketing, or other direct marketing, to make sales outside of his or her territory.
If the franchisor or an affiliate operates, franchises, or has plans to operate or franchise a business under a different trademark and that business sells or will sell goods or services similar to those the franchisee will offer, describe: (A) The similar goods and services. (B) The different trademark. (C) Whether outlets will be franchisor owned or operated. (D) Whether the franchisor or its franchisees who use the different trademark will solicit or accept orders within the franchisee's territory. (E) The timetable for the plan. (F) How the franchisor will resolve conflicts between the franchisor and franchisees and between the franchisees of each system regarding territory, customers, and franchisor support. (G) The principal business address of the franchisor's similar operating business. If it is the same as the franchisor's principal business address stated in §436.5(a) of this part, disclose whether the franchisor maintains (or plans to maintain) physically separate offices and training facilities for the similar competing business.

Item 13: Trademarks

Disclose each principal trademark to be licensed to the franchisee. For this Item, “principal trademark” means the primary trademarks, service marks, names, logos, and commercial symbols the franchisee will use to identify the franchised business. It may not include every trademark the franchisor owns.

Disclose whether each principal trademark is registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. If so, state:

The date and identification number of each trademark registration.
Whether the franchisor has filed all required affidavits.
Whether any registration has been renewed.
Whether the principal trademarks are registered on the Principal or Supplemental Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

If the principal trademark is not registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, state whether the franchisor has filed any trademark application, including any “intent to use” application or an application based on actual use. If so, state the date and identification number of the application.

If the trademark is not registered on the Principal Register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, state: “We do not have a federal registration for our principal trademark. Therefore, our trademark does not have many legal benefits and rights as a federally registered trademark. If our right to use the trademark is challenged, you may have to change to an alternative trademark, which may increase your expenses.”

Disclose any currently effective material determinations of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, or any state trademark administrator or court; and any pending infringement, opposition, or cancellation proceeding. Include infringement, opposition, or cancellation proceedings in which the franchisor unsuccessfully sought to prevent registration of a trademark in order to protect a trademark licensed by the franchisor. Describe how the determination affects the ownership, use, or licensing of the trademark.

Disclose any pending material federal or state court litigation regarding the franchisor's use or ownership rights in a trademark. The franchisor may include an attorney's opinion relative to the merits of litigation or of an action if the attorney issuing the opinion consents to its use. The text of the disclosure may include a summary of the opinion if the full opinion is attached and the attorney issuing the opinion consents to the use of the summary.

For each pending action, disclose:

The forum and case number.
The nature of claims made opposing the franchisor's use of the trademark or by the franchisor opposing another person's use of the trademark.
Any effective court or administrative agency ruling in the matter.

Disclose any currently effective agreements that significantly limit the franchisor's rights to use or license the use of trademarks listed in this section in a manner material to the franchise. For each agreement, disclose:

The manner and extent of the limitation or grant.
The extent to which the agreement may affect the franchisee.
The agreement's duration.
The parties to the agreement.
The circumstances when the agreement may be canceled or modified.
All other material terms.

Disclose:

Whether the franchisor must protect the franchisee's right to use the principal trademarks listed in this section, and must protect the franchisee against claims of infringement or unfair competition arising out of the franchisee's use of the trademarks.
The franchisee's obligation to notify the franchisor of the use of, or claims of rights to, a trademark identical to or confusingly similar to a trademark licensed to the franchisee.
Whether the franchise agreement requires the franchisor to take affirmative action when notified of these uses or claims.
Whether the franchisor or franchisee has the right to control any administrative proceedings or litigation involving a trademark licensed by the franchisor to the franchisee.
Whether the franchise agreement requires the franchisor to participate in the franchisee's defense and/or indemnify the franchisee for expenses or damages if the franchisee is a party to an administrative or judicial proceeding involving a trademark licensed by the franchisor to the franchisee, or if the proceeding is resolved unfavorably to the franchisee.
The franchisee's rights under the franchise agreement if the franchisor requires the franchisee to modify or discontinue using a trademark.

Disclose whether the franchisor knows of either superior prior rights or infringing uses that could materially affect the franchisee's use of the principal trademarks in the state where the franchised business will be located. For each use of a principal trademark that the franchisor believes is an infringement that could materially affect the franchisee's use of a trademark, disclose:

The nature of the infringement.
The locations where the infringement is occurring.
The length of time of the infringement (to the extent known).
Any action taken or anticipated by the franchisor.

Item 14: Patents, Copyrights, and Proprietary Information

Disclose whether the franchisor owns rights in, or licenses to, patents or copyrights that are material to the franchise. Also, disclose whether the franchisor has any pending patent applications that are material to the franchise. If so, state:

The nature of the patent, patent application, or copyright and its relationship to the franchise.
For each patent: (A) The duration of the patent. (B) The type of patent (for example, mechanical, process, or design). (C) The patent number, issuance date, and title.
For each patent application: (A) The type of patent application (for example, mechanical, process, or design). (B) The serial number, filing date, and title.
For each copyright: (A) The duration of the copyright. (B) The registration number and date. (C) Whether the franchisor can and intends to renew the copyright.

Describe any current material determination of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the United States Copyright Office, or a court regarding the patent or copyright. Include the forum and matter number. Describe how the determination affects the franchised business.

State the forum, case number, claims asserted, issues involved, and effective determinations for any material proceeding pending in the United States Patent and Trademark Office or any court. If counsel consents, the franchisor may include a counsel's opinion or a summary of the opinion if the full opinion is attached.

If an agreement limits the use of the patent, patent application, or copyright, state the parties to and duration of the agreement, the extent to which the agreement may affect the franchisee, and other material terms of the agreement.

Disclose the franchisor's obligation to protect the patent, patent application, or copyright; and to defend the franchisee against claims arising from the franchisee's use of patented or copyrighted items, including:

Whether the franchisor's obligation is contingent upon the franchisee notifying the franchisor of any infringement claims or whether the franchisee's notification is discretionary.
Whether the franchise agreement requires the franchisor to take affirmative action when notified of infringement.
Who has the right to control any litigation.
Whether the franchisor must participate in the defense of a franchisee or indemnify the franchisee for expenses or damages in a proceeding involving a patent, patent application, or copyright licensed to the franchisee.
Whether the franchisor's obligation is contingent upon the franchisee modifying or discontinuing the use of the subject matter covered by the patent or copyright.
The franchisee's rights under the franchise agreement if the franchisor requires the franchisee to modify or discontinue using the subject matter covered by the patent or copyright.

If the franchisor knows of any patent or copyright infringement that could materially affect the franchisee, disclose:

The nature of the infringement.
The locations where the infringement is occurring.
The length of time of the infringement (to the extent known).
Any action taken or anticipated by the franchisor.

If the franchisor claims proprietary rights in other confidential information or trade secrets, describe in general terms the proprietary information communicated to the franchisee and the terms for use by the franchisee. The franchisor need only describe the general nature of the proprietary information, such as whether a formula or recipe is considered to be a trade secret.

Item 15: Obligation to Participate in the Actual Operation of the Franchise Business

Disclose the franchisee's obligation to participate personally in the direct operation of the franchisee's business and whether the franchisor recommends participation. Include obligations arising from any written agreement or from the franchisor's practice.

If personal “on-premises” supervision is not required, disclose the following:

If the franchisee is an individual, whether the franchisor recommends on-premises supervision by the franchisee.
Limits on whom the franchisee can hire as an on-premises supervisor.
Whether an on-premises supervisor must successfully complete the franchisor's training program.
If the franchisee is a business entity, the amount of equity interest, if any, that the on-premises supervisor must have in the franchisee's business.

Disclose any restrictions that the franchisee must place on its manager (for example, maintain trade secrets, covenants not to compete).

Item 16: Restrictions on What the Franchisee May Sell

Disclose any franchisor-imposed restrictions or conditions on the goods or services that the franchisee may sell or that limit access to customers, including:

Any obligation on the franchisee to sell only goods or services approved by the franchisor.
Any obligation on the franchisee to sell all goods or services authorized by the franchisor.
Whether the franchisor has the right to change the types of authorized goods or services and whether there are limits on the franchisor's right to make changes.

Item 17: Renewal, Termination, Transfer, and Dispute Resolution

Disclose, in tabular form, a table that cross-references each enumerated franchise relationship item with the applicable provision in the franchise or related agreement. Title the table “THE FRANCHISE RELATIONSHIP” in capital letters and bold type.

Describe briefly each contractual provision. If a particular item is not applicable, state “Not Applicable.”

If the agreement is silent about one of the listed provisions, but the franchisor unilaterally offers to provide certain benefits or protections to franchisees as a matter of policy, use a footnote to describe the policy and state whether the policy is subject to change.

The table should have the following three columns: Provision; Section in Franchise or Other Agreement; and Summary.

The Provision column includes:

a. Length of the franchise term

b. Renewal or extension of the term

c. Requirements for franchisee to renew or extend

d. Termination by franchisee

e. Termination by franchisor without cause

f. Termination by franchisor with cause

g. “Cause” defined—curable defaults

h. “Cause” defined—non-curable defaults

i. Franchisee's obligations on termination/non-renewal

j. Assignment of contract by franchisor

k. “Transfer” by franchisee—defined

l. Franchisor approval of transfer by franchisee

m. Conditions for franchisor approval of transfer

n. Franchisor's right of first refusal to acquire franchisee's business

o. Franchisor's option to purchase franchisee's business

p. Death or disability of franchisee

q. Non-competition covenants during the term of the franchise

r. Non-competition covenants after the franchise is terminated or expires

s. Modification of the agreement

t. Integration/merger clause

u. Dispute resolution by arbitration or mediation

v. Choice of forum

w. Choice of law

In the summary column for provision c (Requirements for franchisee to renew or extend), state what the term “renewal” means for your franchise system, including, if applicable, a statement that franchisees may be asked to sign a contract with materially different terms and conditions than their original contract.

Item 18: Public Figures

Disclose:

Any compensation or other benefit given or promised to a public figure arising from either the use of the public figure in the franchise name or symbol, or the public figure's endorsement or recommendation of the franchise to prospective franchisees.
The extent to which the public figure is involved in the management or control of the franchisor. Describe the public figure's position and duties in the franchisor's business structure.
The public figure's total investment in the franchisor, including the amount the public figure contributed in services performed or to be performed. State the type of investment (for example, common stock, promissory note).
For purposes of this section, a public figure means a person whose name or physical appearance is generally known to the public in the geographic area where the franchise will be located.

Item 19: Financial Performance Representations

Begin by stating the following:

The FTC's Franchise Rule permits a franchisor to provide information about the actual or potential financial performance of its franchised and/or franchisor-owned outlets, if there is a reasonable basis for the information, and if the information is included in the disclosure document. Financial performance information that differs from that included in Item 19 may be given only if: (1) a franchisor provides the actual records of an existing outlet you are considering buying; or (2) a franchisor supplements the information provided in this Item 19, for example, by providing information about possible performance at a particular location or under particular circumstances.

If a franchisor does not provide any financial performance representation in Item 19, also state:

We do not make any representations about a franchisee's future financial performance or the past financial performance of company-owned or franchised outlets. We also do not authorize our employees or representatives to make any such representations either orally or in writing. If you are purchasing an existing outlet, however, we may provide you with the actual records of that outlet. If you receive any other financial performance information or projections of your future income, you should report it to the franchisor's management by contacting [name, address, and telephone number], the Federal Trade Commission, and the appropriate state regulatory agencies.

If the franchisor makes any financial performance representation to prospective franchisees, the franchisor must have a reasonable basis and written substantiation for the representation at the time the representation is made and must state the representation in the Item 19 disclosure. The franchisor must also disclose the following:

Whether the representation is an historic financial performance representation about the franchise system's existing outlets, or a subset of those outlets, or is a forecast of the prospective franchisee's future financial performance.
If the representation relates to past performance of the franchise system's existing outlets, the material bases for the representation, including: (A) Whether the representation relates to the performance of all of the franchise system's existing outlets or only to a subset of outlets that share a particular set of characteristics (for example, geographic location, type of location (such as free standing vs. shopping center), degree of competition, length of time the outlets have operated, services or goods sold, services supplied by the franchisor, and whether the outlets are franchised or franchisor-owned or operated). (B) The dates when the reported level of financial performance was achieved. (C) The total number of outlets that existed in the relevant period and, if different, the number of outlets that had the described characteristics. (D) The number of outlets with the described characteristics whose actual financial performance data were used in arriving at the representation. (E) Of those outlets whose data were used in arriving at the representation, the number and percent that actually attained or surpassed the stated results. (F) Characteristics of the included outlets, such as those characteristics noted in paragraph (3)(ii)(A) of this section, that may differ materially from those of the outlet that may be offered to a prospective franchisee.
If the representation is a forecast of future financial performance, state the material bases and assumptions on which the projection is based. The material assumptions underlying a forecast include significant factors upon which a franchisee's future results are expected to depend. These factors include, for example, economic or market conditions that are basic to a franchisee's operation, and encompass matters affecting, among other things, a franchisee's sales, the cost of goods or services sold, and operating expenses.
A clear and conspicuous admonition that a new franchisee's individual financial results may differ from the result stated in the financial performance representation.
A statement that written substantiation for the financial performance representation will be made available to the prospective franchisee upon reasonable request.

If a franchisor wishes to disclose only the actual operating results for a specific outlet being offered for sale, it need not comply with this section, provided the information is given only to potential purchasers of that outlet.

If a franchisor furnishes financial performance information according to this section, the franchisor may deliver to a prospective franchisee a supplemental financial performance representation about a particular location or variation, apart from the disclosure document. The supplemental representation must:

Be in writing.
Explain the departure from the financial performance representation in the disclosure document.
Be prepared in accordance with the requirements of paragraph (s)(3)(i)-(iv) of this section.
Be furnished to the prospective franchisee.

Item 20: Outlets and Franchisee Information

Disclose, in tabular form, the total number of franchised and company-owned outlets for each of the franchisor's last three fiscal years. For purposes of this section, “outlet” includes outlets of a type substantially similar to that offered to the prospective franchisee.

The table should have five columns: Outlet Type (Franchised, or Company-Owned); Year (last three fiscals years); Outlets at the Start of the Year; Outlets at the End of the Year; and Net Change (positive or negative).

Disclose, in tabular form, the number of franchised and company-owned outlets and changes in the number and ownership of outlets located in each state during each of the last three fiscal years. Except as noted, each change in ownership shall be reported only once in these tables. If multiple events occurred in the process of transferring ownership of an outlet, report the event that occurred last in time. If a single outlet changed ownership two or more times during the same fiscal year, use footnotes to describe the types of changes involved and the order in which the changes occurred.

Disclose, in tabular form, the total number of franchised outlets transferred in each state during each of the franchisor's last three fiscal years. For purposes of this section, “transfer” means the acquisition of a controlling interest in a franchised outlet, during its term, by a person other than the franchisor or an affiliate.

This table should have three columns: State; Year (last three fiscal years); and Number of Transfers.

Disclose, in tabular form, the status of franchisee-owned outlets located in each state for each of the franchisor's last three fiscal years.

This table should have nine columns: State; Year (last three fiscal years); Outlets at Start of Year; Outlets Opened; Terminations; Non-Renewals; Reacquired by Franchisor; Ceased Operations-Other Reasons; and Outlets at End of Year.

For Outlets Opened, include both new outlets and existing company-owned outlets that a franchisee purchased from the franchisor.

For purposes of this section, “termination” means the franchisor's termination of a franchise agreement prior to the end of its term and without providing any consideration to the franchisee (whether by payment or forgiveness or assumption of debt).

For purposes of this section, “non-renewal” occurs when the franchise agreement for a franchised outlet is not renewed at the end of its term.

For purposes of this section, a “reacquisition” means the franchisor's acquisition for consideration (whether by payment or forgiveness or assumption of debt) of a franchised outlet during its term.

Disclose, in tabular form, the status of company-owned outlets located in each state for each of the franchisor's last three fiscal years.

This table should have eight columns: State; Year (last three fiscal years); Outlets at Start of Year; Outlets Opened; Outlets Reacquired from Franchisee; Outlets Closed; Outlets Sold to Franchisee; and Outlets at End of the Year.

For Outlets Closed, include both actual closures and instances when an outlet ceases to operate under the franchisor's trademark.

Disclose, in tabular form, projected new franchised and company-owned outlets.

This table should have four columns: State; Franchise Agreements Signed But Outlet Not Opened; Projected New Franchised Outlet in Next Fiscal Year; and Projected New Company-Owned Outlet in Next Fiscal Year.

Disclose the names of all current franchisees and the address and telephone number of each of their outlets. Alternatively, disclose this information for all franchised outlets in the state, but if these franchised outlets total fewer than 100, disclose this information for franchised outlets from contiguous states and then the next closest states until at least 100 franchised outlets are listed.

Disclose the name, city and state, and current business telephone number, or if unknown, the last known home telephone number of every franchisee who had an outlet terminated, canceled, not renewed, or otherwise voluntarily or involuntarily ceased to do business under the franchise agreement during the most recently completed fiscal year or who has not communicated with the franchisor within 10 weeks of the disclosure document issuance date. Franchisors may substitute alternative contact information at the request of the former franchisee, such as a home address, post office address, or a personal or business email address.

State in immediate conjunction with this information: “If you buy this franchise, your contact information may be disclosed to other buyers when you leave the franchise system.”

If a franchisor is selling a previously-owned franchised outlet now under its control, disclose the following additional information for that outlet for the last five fiscal years. This information may be attached as an addendum to a disclosure document, or, if disclosure has already been made, then in a supplement to the previously furnished disclosure document.

The name, city and state, current business telephone number, or if unknown, last known home telephone number of each previous owner of the outlet;
The time period when each previous owner controlled the outlet;
The reason for each previous change in ownership (for example, termination, non-renewal, voluntary transfer, ceased operations); and
The time period(s) when the franchisor retained control of the outlet (for example, after termination, non-renewal, or reacquisition).

Disclose whether franchisees signed confidentiality clauses during the last three fiscal years. If so, state the following: “In some instances, current and former franchisees sign provisions restricting their ability to speak openly about their experience with [name of franchise system]. You may wish to speak with current and former franchisees, but be aware that not all such franchisees will be able to communicate with you.” Franchisors may also disclose the number and percentage of current and former franchisees who during each of the last three fiscal years signed agreements that include confidentiality clauses and may disclose the circumstances under which such clauses were signed.

Disclose, to the extent known, the name, address, telephone number, email address, and Web address (to the extent known) of each trademark-specific franchisee organization associated with the franchise system being offered, if such organization:

Has been created, sponsored, or endorsed by the franchisor. If so, state the relationship between the organization and the franchisor (for example, the organization was created by the franchisor, sponsored by the franchisor, or endorsed by the franchisor).
Is incorporated or otherwise organized under state law and asks the franchisor to be included in the franchisor's disclosure document during the next fiscal year. Such organizations must renew their request on an annual basis by submitting a request no later than 60 days after the close of the franchisor's fiscal year. The franchisor has no obligation to verify the organization's continued existence at the end of each fiscal year. Franchisors may also include the following statement: “The following independent franchisee organizations have asked to be included in this disclosure document.”

Item 21: Financial Statements

Include the following financial statements prepared according to United States generally accepted accounting principles, as revised by any future United States government mandated accounting principles, or as permitted by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as provided in paragraph with ** below, these financial statements must be audited by an independent certified public accountant using generally accepted United States auditing standards. Present the required financial statements in a tabular form that compares at least two fiscal years.

The franchisor's balance sheet for the previous two fiscal year-ends before the disclosure document issuance date.
Statements of operations, stockholders equity, and cash flows for each of the franchisor's previous three fiscal years.
Or alternatively, the franchisor may include financial statements of any of its affiliates if the affiliate's financial statements satisfy the first two bullet points of this section and the affiliate absolutely and unconditionally guarantees to assume the duties and obligations of the franchisor under the franchise agreement. The affiliate's guarantee must cover all of the franchisor's obligations to the franchisee, but need not extend to third parties. If this alternative is used, attach a copy of the guarantee to the disclosure document.
When a franchisor owns a direct or beneficial controlling financial interest in a subsidiary, its financial statements should reflect the financial condition of the franchisor and its subsidiary.
Include separate financial statements for the franchisor and any subfranchisor, as well as for any parent that commits to perform post-sale obligations for the franchisor or guarantees the franchisor's obligations. Attach a copy of any guarantee to the disclosure document.

** A start-up franchise system that does not yet have audited financial statements may phase-in the use of audited financial statements by providing, at a minimum, the following statements at the indicated times:

The franchisor's first partial or full fiscal year selling franchises (an unaudited opening balance sheet).
The franchisor's second fiscal year selling franchises (audited balance sheet opinion as of the end of the first partial or full fiscal year selling franchises).
The franchisor's third and subsequent fiscal years selling franchises (all required financial statements for the previous year, plus any previously disclosed audited statements that still must be disclosed according the first two bullet points in the section directly above this one).

Start-up franchisors may phase-in the disclosure of audited financial statements, provided the franchisor:

Prepares audited financial statements as soon as practicable.
Prepares unaudited statements in a format that conforms as closely as possible to audited statements.
Includes one or more years of unaudited financial statements or clearly and conspicuously discloses in this section that the franchisor has not been in business for three years or more, and cannot include all financial statements required in the first two bullet points in the section directly above this one.

Item 22: Contracts

Attach a copy of all proposed agreements regarding the franchise offering, including the franchise agreement and any lease, options, and purchase agreements.

Item 23: Receipts

Include two copies of the following detachable acknowledgment of receipt in the following form as the last pages of the disclosure document:

State the following:

RECEIPT: This disclosure document summarizes certain provisions of the franchise agreement and other information in plain language. Read this disclosure document and all agreements carefully.
If [name of franchisor] offers you a franchise, it must provide this disclosure document to you 14 calendar-days before you sign a binding agreement with, or make a payment to, the franchisor or an affiliate in connection with the proposed franchise sale.
If [name of franchisor] does not deliver this disclosure document on time or if it contains a false or misleading statement, or a material omission, a violation of federal law and state law may have occurred and should be reported to the Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D.C. 20580 and [state agency].

Disclose the name, principal business address, and telephone number of each franchise seller offering the franchise.

State the issuance date.

If not disclosed in paragraph (a) of this section, state the name and address of the franchisor's registered agent authorized to receive service of process.

State the following: I received a disclosure document dated _____ that included the following Exhibits: (List the title(s) of all attached Exhibits).

Provide space for the prospective franchisee's signature and date.

Franchisors may include any specific instructions for returning the receipt (for example, street address, email address, facsimile telephone number).

Other Considerations

Guaranty of Owners

Much like any other business enterprise, a Franchisor will desire to have at least the majority owner of each franchise guaranty its obligations, as well as their spouse.

Single Purpose Entity

Similar with banks and lending institutions, to protect the operations of the franchise, Franchisors should require that certain provisions limiting the operations of the entity be added to the organizational documents of the franchisee.

Lease Addendum

Franchisors will want to make sure that their franchisee’s lease provides them with the ability to exercise their rights in the event of a default and/or to comply with the provisions of the franchise agreement. The franchisee should present this to their landlord prior to entering into any lease.

Policies and Procedures

Policies and procedures, and operational manuals provide the most flexibility for the operation of the franchise, as ensure that franchisees are abiding by the best practices set by the Franchisor in the operation of the system.

Originally published in October 2019